FREE ESSAY ON KILLER WHALES SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION: ORDER & GENUS

KILLER WHALES SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION: ORDER & GENUS

Killer Whales
Scientific Classification:
Order & Genus. The scientific order of all types of whales is Cetacea. This large order
is broken down into three further groups as well: the toothed whales or Odontoceti, which
includes killer whales, dolphins, porpoises, beluga whales, and sperm whales, the baleen
whales or Mysticeti, which include blue whales, humpback whales, gray whales, and right
whales, and the Archaeoceti order, which are all now extinct. The genus of these species
is Orcinus orca.
Family. The killer whale is the largest in its family of delphinid. Bottlenose dolphins,
common dolphins, and Pacific white-sided dolphins are included in this group as well. The
scientific name for this family is Delphinidae.
Fossil Record. Modern forms of both odontocetes and mysticetes can be seen in the fossil
record of five to seven million years ago. Scientists believe that early whales arose
about fifty-five to sixty-five million years ago from, now extinct, ancient land mammals
that happened to venture back into the sea.
Habitat And Distribution:
Distribution. Killer whales can be found in all oceans of the world. They are the most
numerous in the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic. However, their distribution is limited by
seasonal pack ice.
Habitat. The main living environment for killer whales is open oceans but they can also
be found in coastal waters as well.
Migration. Killer whales are very important in the oceans because they cause much of the
migration of many fish and other prey. The movements of the killer whale to and from
certain areas cause the other prey to move as well.
Population. The worldwide population of killer whales is unknown, however they are not
endangered whatsoever. Specific populations in a few areas have been estimated in recent
years and some areas of the Antarctic alone have about 180,000 killer whales.
The population can be distinguished because killer whales travel in pods, or groups. The
resident pods can vary from as few as five to as many as fifty whales. The transient pod
size varies from one and seven individuals.
Physical Characteristics:
Size. Male killer whales average about twenty-two to twenty-seven feet and usually weigh
between 8,000 and 12,000 pounds. The largest male ever recorded was thirty-two feet and
weighed about 21,000 pounds. As a male approaches adulthood, it acquires the typical male
characteristics: it gains weight, and its pectoral flippers, dorsal fin, and flukes grow
larger than those of females.
Female killer whales average about seventeen to twenty-four feet and usually weigh
between 3,000 and 8,000 pounds. The largest female recorded was twenty-eight feet and
weight about 15,000 pounds.
Body Shape. The killer whale has a sleek, streamlined body. Its physical characteristics
are adapted for life in an aquatic environment.
Coloration. Killer whales are easily recognized by their distinct coloration. The dorsal
surface and pectoral flippers are black, except for the area below and behind the dorsal
fin. The ventral surface, lower jaw, and undersides of the tail flukes are mostly white
and the undersides of the tail fluke are lined with black. A white eyespot is located
just above and slightly behind each eye and a gray saddle is located behind the dorsal
fin.
The distinctive coloration of killer whales is a type of disruptive coloration, a
camouflage in which the color pattern of an animal contradicts the animal's body shape.
By the flickering, filtered sunlight of the sea, other animals may not recognize a killer
whale as a potential predator. Thus, making it easy for the killer whale to get to its
prey.
Body Parts. A killer whale has distinct pectoral flippers, or forelimbs. They have the
major skeletal elements of the forelimb's of land mammals, but they are foreshortened and
modified. They are rounded and paddle-like and are used mainly to steer and, with the
help of the flukes, to stop.
The flukes are the lobe of the tail on a killer whale. They are flattened pads of tough,
dense, fibrous connective tissue, completely without bone. A large male killer whale may
have tail flukes measuring up to nine feet from tip to tip.
All traces of hind limbs have disappeared except for two reduced, rod- shaped pelvic
bones, which are buried deep in the body muscle. These reduced hind limbs are not
connected to the vertebral column however.
The dorsal fin, like the flukes, is made of dense, fibrous connective tissue with no
bones. It acts as a keel, stabilizing a killer whale as it swims. The arteries in this
fin help to maintain body temperature. In males, the dorsal fin is tall and triangular
and in females it may by slightly curved back. It both males and females, the dorsal fin
may lean to the right or left, being classified as irregularly shaped.
A killer whale has a distinct snout-like projection. The teeth are conical and
interlocking and are designed for grasping and tearing, rather than chewing. An
individual may have between ten and fourteen teeth on each side of the jaw. (About 40 to
58 teeth total.) They are about three inches long and one inch in diameter.
The eyes of a killer whale are similar to the eyes of a cow: big, on each side of the
head, and just behind and above the mouth.
The ears are located just behind the eyes and are small with inconspicious openings, with
no external ear flaps.
A single blowhole is located on the dorsal surface of the head and is covered by a
muscular flap. This flap provides a water-tight seal. This is the only way a killer whale
can breath, through the blowhole. It is usually in a closed, relax position and can be
opened when the killer whale contracts the muscular flap.
Senses:
Hearing. Killer whales have developed acute senses of hearing over the years. They have
responded to tones within the frequency range of about 0.5 to 100 kHz. (The average range
for humans is about 0.02 to 17 kHz.)
Most sound reception, or hearing, probably takes places through the lower jaw. A killer
whale may also receive sound through soft tissue and bone surrounding the ear.
Eyesight. Killer whales also have acute eyesight both in and out of the water. Glands at
the inner corners of the eye sockets secrete and oily, jellylike mucus that lubricates
the eyes, washes away foreign particles, and helps streamline the eyes as the whale
swims. This tearlike film also protects the eyes from infective organisms.
Touch. Features of the brain indicate that a killer whales sense of touch is
well-developed. Their skin is also sensitive to the touch as scientists have discovered.
Taste. There is very little information about the sense of taste in a killer whale. It
has been found that they do have taste buds, but they haven't been well studied.
Smell. Olfactory lobes of the brain and olfactory nerves are absent in all toothed whales
which indicates that they have no sense of smell at all. They rely fully on hearing and
their eyesight to seek prey.
Adaptations For The Environment:
Swimming. Swimming speed and duration are closely tied: high-speed swimming may last only
seconds while low-speed swimming may last indefinitely. Killer whales are among the
fastest swimming marine mammals and can swim speeds of up to 30 mph, but they usually
cruise at much slower speeds, between two and six mph.
Diving. Killer whales generally dive to depths of about 100 to 200 feet. The deepest dive
under experimental conditions is to about 900 feet.
When diving, killer whales usually surface about every four to five minutes. At the
surface they take two to five breaths at five to ten second intervals before another
dive.
Respiration. A killer whale breaths through a single blowhole on the dorsal surface of
its head. The whale holds its breath while below water and at the surface contracts its
blowhole to breath.
Behavior:
Social Structure. Killer whales live in groups called pods. They are long-term social
units that usually consists of males, females, and calves of varying ages. Several
smaller pods may join occasionally to form larger groups of 50 or more individuals called
hers or aggregations. There is only an occasional exchange of members between pods,
especially during breeding season.
Social Behavior. Living in a pod creates a strong social bond between the individuals.
Behavioral studies show that certain animals like associating with one another than they
do with others.
Individual Behavior. Killer whale behavior includes spyhopping, hanging vertically in the
water with its head partially above water, breaching, jumping clear of the water and
landing on the back or side, lobtailing, slapping the tail flukes on the surface of the
water, and pec-slapping, slapping a pectoral flipper on the surface of the water.
Diet And Eating Habits:
Food Preferences And Resources. Killer whales are the top predators in the ocean and are
the most active predators as well. In all regions, their diet differs but in the
Antarctic, killer whales eat about 67% fishes, 27% marine mammals, and 6% squids. And in
the Bering Sea, near Alaska, they eat about 65% fishes, 20% squids, and 15% marine
mammals. They also eat other marine mammals and seabirds. Killer whales prey on both
mysticete and Odontocete whales, seals, sea lions, walruses, and occasionally sea otters
and penguins.
Food intake. Adult killer whales eat approximately 3% to 4% of their body weight in food
per day and fully weaned calves can eat up to 10% of their body weight per day.
Methods Of Collecting Food. Killer whales often hunt in pods for their food. They work
together to encircle and herd prey into small areas before attacking. They may slide out
onto sand bars or ice floes to pursue their prey, as well. They surface under ice floes
to know prey into the water, too. 
Reproduction:
Sexual Maturity. Studies of killer whales in marine zoological parks suggest that females
become sexually mature when they reach about fifteen to sixteen feet, at about six to ten
years. Males become sexually mature when they reach about eighteen to twenty feet, at
about ten to thirteen years.
Mating Activity. Females become estrus several times during the year. Breeding may occur
in any season, but is most common in the summertime. In the North Atlantic, mating seems
to peak in October and November, but in the western North Pacific, mating seems to peak
between May and July.
Communication:
Why Is It Important? Killer whales probably rely on sound production and reception to
navigate, communicate, and hunt in dark or murky waters. Under these conditions, sight is
of little use and communication becomes much more important.
Sound Production. Killer whales produce clicks and sounds that resemble moans, trills,
grunts, squeak, and creaking doors. They also produce whistles. They make these sounds at
any time and at all depths. The sounds vary in volume, wavelength, frequency, and
pattern.
Each individual sound that a killer whale makes is termed a call. Calls that sound the
same way time after time are stereotyped calls. All the stereotyped calls in a killer
whale's repertoire make up a vocalization system called a dialect. Pods that associate
with one another share certain calls.