FREE ESSAY ON QUININE

QUININE

Stories of Native Americans contributions to the advancement of health and medicine traces
were discovered in a small town in Nali, Africa. The very first onset of the beggining of
modern pharmacology is the substance called quinine. This is the substance that came from
a bark of a tree that grew in high elevations. The Indians has been using this substance
to cure malaria, cramps, chills, hear-rythm disorders and many other ailments. Prior to
the disovery of quinine, the old world suffers enormously because the lack of medical
knowledge that the old world posess. Quinine would have probably been introduce somewhere
in 1630, as it was mention in a belgian medical text. Quinine made extensive settlement
in America possible due to the fact that it cures malaria better than any other medicine
and because its potent medicinal values. Until recently, quinine has been sold in
Timbuktu as a medical tonic that promotes vitality and refreshments drink. This Indian
tonic is apearant through out the city of Timbuktu in Africa. It`s a relic of a long line
of deriratives tonics sold in the ninteenth and early twentieth century as a cures for
all known imaginable ailments. There were realtive of the tree that provide quinine also
cure amoebic dysentery and lethal infection of the intestine. Amoebic dysentery is a
disease that cause by ingestions of certain amoebes, the symptoms range from bloody
diarrhea to high fever. Ipecac is a medincine the Indians of the Amazon had created using
three to four yearl old cepahlaelis ipecacuanla and c. acuminia plants to cure intestinal
infections that is deadly among children. Up till now, poison clinic through out the
world still use it to induce vomitting because of its emetic properties. Even though
their discovery of quinine and ipecac cures many disease, they weren`t fortune enough to
enjoy the benefit of their discovery that their old world counterpart did. Western
science in the old world largely ignored the potency, effectiveness, and utility until it
cures scurvy and thus illustrate the superiority of the Indian medical knowledge and
pharmacology. Followings to the Indians pharmacology superior knowledge is the discovery
of a laxative or cathartic by the Indians of northern California and Oregon use to treat
constipation. The laxative that the Indians had discovered leads to the modern medicine
commonly use medicine to treat bowel related ailments. This medicine is actually a bark
of the Rhamus purchiana shrub, it uniqueness is that it dissolves clogg bowels in the
intestinal within eight hours. Because of its mild manner on the user that present no
discomfort, it was widely accepted as a laxative eversince its introductions by Americas
pharmacuetical industry in 1878. The discovery of carure was mentions when a voyayer
named Francisco de Orellana first discover it in the Amazon river. It was mention that
when he travel down the river and was being attacked by the Indians and one of his man
died because the arrows that the Indians had used to attacked his men was being painted
with the substance called curare. It took medical reseacher a long time to unravel how
curare works. Later when they find out on how it operates, the reseacher noted that it
work by blocking the nerve transmission to the muscle and therefore paralizing a victims
ability to breath. Intially nobody could find any useful for it until it was found that
if given in small dose, it could relax the muscle and this proves very useful for surgery
purposes. Its first use in the old world was to cure tetanus and soon follows other
pratical use to reduce abdominal pain, restrict muscle contraction so that doctors could
insert tubes into the windpipe to facilitate breathing and it was synthesized into a
number of different muscle relaxant drugs. Later in the ninteenth century, doctors use it
as a means of euthanasia for the terminally ill patients. Indians in northeastern of the
U.S use vermifuge pinkroot to treat intestinal worms, dogwwod are being use to reduce
fever, liquid is extracted from willow tree capable of curing headache and other minor
pain. later in the centuries did western medical science recognized aspirin as a coal tar
deriratives that has the active ingredient salicin. The Indians developed many drugs to
treat femal problems like blue cohosh or sqwawroot as an antispasmodic that thelped
induce menstrual discharge. Other common application that they use are the use of bitter
root of trillium erectum to ease pain during child birth and subsequently name birth root
after the plant. The Indians developed numerous ointment and salves to help heal flesh
wounds. West in the U.S, the Indians developed ointments or as the pioneer to called it
balsams that derives from plant roots, tolu tree, balsam fir, balsam of Peru, witch
hazel, extraction of dry flowers to relieve pain and swelling. The most widely use of
skin oinment that we use today that had orignate from the Indians is the petroleum jelly
after many years refinement and changes. The Indians are also master of medical arts in
which perform brain surgery to relieve swelling if a person suffers from massive
concussion. They did this by drilling holes on a patient skull to reduce compression that
cause be blunt force to the head. The Aztecs are most noticeable for their development of
sophisticate medical organization with different specialist in each field. Their caste of
organizations has contemporary internist, surgeons, midwives, bloodletters, herbal
pharmacist and pharmacuetical dealers that distribute herbal medicine. When Aztec
surgeons perform surgery, they use sophisticate tools like bone needles that threated
with human hair, rubber hose, bulbed syringe and also use artificial limbs on patients.
The group that has the most profound understanding of human anatomy and the naming of
internal organs is probably the Aztecs in the sixteenth century. The Aztec also develop
steamrooms to rejuvinate and cleanse the body, it`s called temazcalli in Aztec language.
The Indians that gave the world quinine also gave the world coca, they had originally use
this coca as a ritual cleanser. Some other minor usage of the coca also includes chewing,
refine it into tea, alleviate pain, thirst quencher, hunger fullfilment, ease itching and
fatigue. The discovery of the coca by old world chemist and scientist like Nicolas
Monards and Angelo Mariani transform the plants from anethesia to concoctions drink which
later in the century it became known as the famous Coca Cola drink. The Indians discovery
of roots and bark that taste bitter and spice led to the development of Dr. Pepper that
we know of today. So in coclusion, as discussed in this chapter from beggining to the
end. Without the inovations, discovery, knowledge, expertise and experience that the
Indians had contributed to the medical world, the advancement in medical knowledge that
we know of today migh not be matured or largely evolve. Their cures and medicine had
travel all over the world and whereever it goes it fully integrated into cultures. But
soon the medicine is also taken for granted and soon people forget that if the
contributions had not been there in the beggining , the old world doctors, pharmacist and
dentist wouldn`t have expand or creates medicines that we use of today. 
Bibliography
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