FREE ESSAY ON THE KAFIRS OF KAFIRISTAN

THE KAFIRS OF KAFIRISTAN

THE KAFIRS OF KAFIRISTAN 
The land in the east of the Hindu-Kush range that lies between Pakistan and Afghanistan
was called Kafiristan (the land of Kafirs), and there dwelled the Kafirs (the islamic
word for pagan) who rejected any conversion to Muslim and followed their own religion.
Guarded by their geography and strength, it is assumed that 200 thousand Kafirs lived
there. They drove away the armies of Timur (14C.), Akbar (16C.), Nadir-Shah (18C.), and
were completely shut out from the exterior world.
But in 1895, Amir Abdul Rahman, the King of Afghanistan, conquered Kafiristan after a
grueling battle and compelled them to convert to Islam. The name of Kafiristan was
changed to Nuristan which means the land of light. Thus, the main energy of the
guerrillas that resist the Soviet army in Afghanistan today were Kafirs ninety years
ago.
KALASH-KAFIRS OF CHITRAL 
The Kafirs of Afghanistan were converted to Islam, but those of Pakistan who belonged to
British-India after the Durand Line (1893) still followed their own religion. These are
the Kalash-Kafirs and estimably 1700 of them live in three valleys of Chitral District,
North West Frontier Province of Pakistan.
THE ORIGIN OF KAFIRS 
The history of the Kafirs remains obscure but some consider them to be the descendant of
the armies of Alexander the Great ( B.C.327). They say that some Greek cultural elements
can partly be identified in Kafiristan.
For example, the sports and games in Nuristan (wrestling and shot-put etc.) were
supposedly practiced in the ancient Olympics. Secondly, their features are thought to
resemble those of the South-European characteristics. Thirdly, it is believed that the
Greeks had an influence on their music.
They consider that these facts seem to point to their Ancient Greek origin. But there is
no conclusive evidence.
It is true that in The Invasion by Alexander the Great's by Arrianus and Plutarchos, the
authors state that the army of Alexander reached Nisa which is thought to be Kafiristan.
But the leader of Nisa proclaimed to him that they were the descendants of Dionysus
(Bacchus) that came from Greece long ago. G.Woodcock (1966) thinks that Nisa is one of
the colonies of Greece which was scattered widely throughout Achamenid Persia before the
times of Alexander.
I think that of the Indo-Aryan expansion from the land near the Caspean Sea
(B.C.1500-1000) those who came south in the first wave were the ancestors of the Kafirs.
Those who came south in the second wave were the ancestors of the Indians, the third wave
included the ancestors of the lranians.
Linguistically, the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-Aryan (Indo-European) family of
languages are divided into three main groups : Indian, Iranian, Kafiri. The latter is
considered to be the oldest, but there is no proof for this.
I do not deny the influence of Ancient Greece upon Kafiristan. This is a possibility, but
the Greeks would have been in the minority, there --- the majority of the ancient Kafirs
were a different race from the same original land as the Greeks. Any subsequent Ancient
Greek influence would have been easily adopted by the Kafirs because of their common
origin.
LANGUAGE 
Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European can be divided into three main groups : Indo-Aryan
(Indian), Iranian, Kafiri (the language of the Kafirs). Geographically Kafiristan is
located in the middle of India and Iran and thus linguistically the group of languages
has similarities with the Indo-Aryan and Iranian groups. However unlike them it has no
written script. Also the dialect of the Kafir languages (like Kati and Waigali) coincide
with the distribution of the tribes.
However, Kalasha, spoken by the last of the Kafirs, is not in Kafiri. It is part of the
Indian group of languages with Khowar (Chitrali) which is spoken in Chitral District.
Kalasha is very similar to Khowar and even a small Kalasha child can speak it. Mixed in
their language, we can identify Persian words used for abstract concept and modern Urdu
for tools and articles etc. At present, about 2000 people speak Kalasha and 250 thousand
speak Khowar.
CHITRAL AND KALASHA VALLEYS 
A forty-five minute flight from Peshawar by PIA Domestic Airlines takes us to Chitral
proper. By road it takes two days via Dir and Lowarai Pass (3177m).
Previously, the Kafirs predominated the whole Chitral area but in 14C. they were
conquered by the Katur (Metar of Chitral) that came from Herat of Afghanistan and were
converted to Islam. Even then, in Shishikui valley in the south of Chitral and Lutkoh
valley in the north, a few unconverted Kafirs lived, but at the beginning of this century
they were all converted to Islam.
Now the Kafirs only live in the three valleys along the branch of Chitral river (Kunar
R.), Rukmu, Mumuret, Biriu (in Kalasha. Chitrali people and foreigners call them Rumbur,
Bumburet and Birir). It is about two or three hours drive by jeep from Chitral proper and
has become a popular place for the tourists to visit.
RESIDENTIAL AREA 
The Kalasha Valleys have extensive forests of Holly-Oak and Himalayan cedar. Walnut,
Apricot, Apple, Pear and Mulberry trees abound near the villages.
Of the three valleys, Mumret is the largest. There are three villages of more than 200
people and two of about 60. But the valleys of Rukmu and Biriu are narrow and it is said
that each of their populations are half the size of Mumret's population.
The villages are situated on the southern face of the hillside about 50-100 meters above
the river. This protects them from invaders and the floods in summer, and at the same
time helps to get sunshine during the winter. The snow that lies on the bottom of the
ravine and in the shade do not melt until spring. In summer to avoid the sun, some people
live in a second house built on the opposite side of the river.